Bipolar Affective Disorder

Bipolar affective disorder, also known as bipolar disorder or manic-depressive illness, is a serious mental health condition characterized by extreme mood swings that include emotional highs (mania or hypomania) and lows (depression). These mood changes can affect a person’s energy levels, activity, sleep patterns, judgment, and ability to carry out day-to-day tasks.

During a manic episode, individuals may feel euphoric, energetic, overly confident, or irritable. They may speak rapidly, have racing thoughts, need less sleep, and engage in risky behavior such as spending sprees or impulsive decisions. In contrast, depressive episodes bring about feelings of sadness, hopelessness, fatigue, and loss of interest in previously enjoyable activities. Some people may experience suicidal thoughts during severe depressive episodes.

Bipolar disorder is typically classified into several types. Bipolar I disorder involves at least one manic episode, possibly followed by depressive episodes. Bipolar II disorder includes at least one major depressive episode and one hypomanic episode, which is less severe than mania. Cyclothymic disorder involves chronic fluctuations between mild depression and hypomania over at least two years.

The exact cause of bipolar disorder is unknown, but a combination of genetic, biological, and environmental factors is believed to contribute. It often appears in late adolescence or early adulthood, though it can develop at any age.

Treatment usually involves a combination of medication—such as mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, or antidepressants—and psychotherapy. Lifestyle management, including regular sleep, stress reduction, and support systems, also plays an important role.

With proper treatment and ongoing support, individuals with bipolar affective disorder can lead productive and fulfilling lives. Early diagnosis and intervention are essential in managing the disorder effectively and reducing the risk of severe episodes and complications.